Prevalence of inadequacy and associated indicators with mineral intake in Brazilian adolescents and young adults / Prevalência de inadequação e fatores associados à ingestão adequada de minerais em adolescentes e adultos jovens brasileiros

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the prevalence of inadequate mineral intake and associated factors with calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, and sodium intakes in individuals aged 15-24.9 years. Methods We analyzed 476 individuals from the Brazilian Study of Nutrition and Health, stratified into two age groups (adolescents aged 15-18.9 years and young adults aged 19-24.9 years). Mineral intake was obtained from two 24-hour Dietary Recalls. The values of the Estimated Average Requirement and the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels were considered to calculate the prevalence of inadequacy. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine associated factors with mineral intake. Results Calcium and magnesium had the highest prevalence of inadequacy (>83%) in both sexes and age groups. Sodium intake was above Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for the majority of the population studied (>68%). The intake of all minerals was different between the sexes for the two age groups (p<0.01), and it was not different between age groups (p>0.05). The associated factors with mineral intake were sex (calcium, iron, phosphorus, and sodium), age group (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sodium), and physical activity (calcium, iron, and magnesium), followed by socioeconomic level (zinc and sodium) and body weight status (iron and sodium). Conclusion The expressive portion of the studied population is at nutritional risk for calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Such data can contribute to the national public policy revision that is related to micronutrient intake and the adoption of healthier habits by adolescents and young adults.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever as prevalências de inadequação e fatores associados à ingestão de cálcio, ferro, zinco, magnésio, fósforo e sódio em indivíduos dos 15 aos 24,9 anos. Métodos Foram analisados 476 indivíduos do Estudo Brasileiro de Nutrição e Saúde, estratificados em dois grupos etários (adolescentes de 15-18,9 anos e adultos jovens de 19-24,9 anos). A ingestão de minerais foi obtida por meio de dois recordatórios de 24hs. Os valores de Requerimento Médio Estimado e do Limite Superior Tolerável de Ingestão foram considerados para calcular as prevalências de inadequação. Regressão logística múltipla foi utilizada para determinar os fatores associados à ingestão de minerais. Resultados Cálcio e magnésio tiveram elevadas prevalências de inadequação (>83%) em pacientes de ambos os sexos e grupos etários. A ingestão de sódio foi acima Limite Superior Tolerável de Ingestão para a maioria da população estudada (>68%). O consumo de todos os minerais foi diferente entre os sexos para os dois grupos etários (p<0,01) e não foi diferente entre os grupos etários (p>0,05). Os fatores associados à ingestão dos minerais foram sexo (cálcio, ferro, fósforo e sódio), grupo etário (cálcio, magnésio, fósforo e sódio) e atividade física (cálcio, ferro e magnésio), seguidos por nível socioeconômico (zinco e sódio) e estado de peso corporal (ferro e sódio). Conclusão Expressiva parcela da população estudada encontra-se em risco nutricional para cálcio, magnésio e sódio. Esses dados podem contribuir para a revisão de políticas públicas nacionais que se relacionam à ingestão de micronutrientes e à adoção de hábitos mais saudáveis pelos adolescentes e adultos jovens.

Food intake, physical activity and body composition of adolescents and young adults: data from Brazilian Study of Nutrition and Health.

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle acquired in youth can determine the individual's health. Constant vigilances in all aspects related to the health of the young population is essential, and evaluate their health parameters is important. The objective of this study was to describe and to compare food intake, physical activity (PA) practice, nutritional status and body composition between adolescents and young adults. METHODS: Four hundred seventy-six individuals from the Brazilian Study of Nutrition and Health (EBANS) were analyzed. Food intake was evaluated by applying two 24-h Dietary Recall. The PA and sitting time (ST) were measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in minutes/week and metabolic equivalent task (METs). Body weight and waist circumference (WC) were measured. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference to height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square tests were used. RESULTS: Energy and macronutrients intake, number of meals, and breakfast skippers weren't different between age groups. 48% of adolescents and 53% of young adults didn't meet the PA recommendation, and adolescents practiced more PA than young adults (total PA: p = 0.006; METs: p < 0.001; leisure PA: p = 0.001); the individuals who studied practiced more PA (total PA: p = 0.034; METs: p = 0.029; leisure PA: p < 0.001) and had ST significantly higher (p = 0.009) than those who worked. Almost 30% of adolescents and 45% of young adults had excess weight; presenting difference according to nutritional status, WC and WHtR (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of excess weight among young Brazilians and differences were observed between age groups regarding nutritional status, body composition and PA practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.Gov NCT02226627 . Retrospectively registered on August 27, 2014.

Childbearing Age Women Characteristics in Latin America. Building Evidence Bases for Early Prevention. Results from the ELANS Study.

Latin American (LA) women have been exposed to demographic and epidemiologic changes that have transformed their lifestyle, with increasing sedentary and unhealthy eating behaviors. We aimed to identify characteristics of LA women to inform public policies that would benefit these women and their future children. The Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS) is a multicenter cross-sectional study of representative samples in eight Latin American countries (n = 9218) with a standardized protocol to investigate dietary intake, anthropometric variables, physical activity, and socioeconomic characteristics. Here we included the subsample of all 3254 women of childbearing age (15 to <45 years). The majority of ELANS women had a low socioeconomic status (53.5%), had a basic education level (56.4%), had a mostly sedentary lifestyle (61.1%), and were overweight or obese (58.7%). According to the logistic multiple regression model, living in Peru and Ecuador predicts twice the risk of being obese, and an increased neck circumference is associated with a 12-fold increased obesity risk. An increased obesity risk was also predicted by age <19 years (Relative Risk (RR) 19.8) and adequate consumption of vitamin D (RR 2.12) and iron (RR 1.3). In conclusion, the identification of these risk predictors of obesity among Latin American women may facilitate targeted prevention strategies focusing on high-risk groups to promote the long-term health of women and their children.

Sedentary behavior, physical activity and body composition in adults

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations between objectively assessed sedentary behavior (SB) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and body composition variables among a representative sample of Brazilian adults. METHODS Using an accelerometer, SB and MVPA were monitored for at least 5 days in 524 participants (261 men; age, 18-65 years). Each minute epoch was classified as sedentary or spent in light, moderate, or vigorous physical activity (LPA, MPA, and VPA, respectively). The measured body composition variables included abdominal perimeter (AP) and neck circumference (NC). RESULTS Men accumulated significantly more min/day of MPA (37.82 versus 27.28), VPA (1.10 versus 0.31), MVPA (39.02 versus 27.61), and steps/day (14,978 versus 13,443) than women (p<.001). In men, MPA, VPA, MVPA, and steps/day were negatively associated with AP (p<.05) independently of SB. Only VPA was significantly associated with NC (β= 0.113; p=.002). In women, only SB was significantly associated with AP (β= 0.003; p=.031). There were no significant associations between physical activity intensities and body composition in women. CONCLUSIONS Our findings on the unequal association of physical activity with body composition variables between sexes can help inform future intervention strategies in Brasil.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar a associação do comportamento sedentário (CS) e da atividade física de moderada a vigorosa (AFMV), avaliados objetivamente, com variáveis de composição corporal em uma amostra de adultos brasileiros. MÉTODOS CS e AFMV foram monitorados por meio de acelerômetros no mínimo por cinco dias, em 524 participantes (231 homens; 18-65 anos). Cada período de epoch de um minuto foi classificado como sedentário, atividade física leve (AFL), moderada (AFM) ou vigorosa (AFV). As variáveis de composição corporal medidas foram: perímetro abdominal (PA) e circunferência do pescoço (CP). RESULTADOS Os homens acumularam significativamente (p<0,001) mais min/dia em AFM (37,82 versus 27,28), AFV (1,10 versus 0,31), AFMV (39,02 versus 27,61), e passos/dia (14.978 versus 13.443) do que as mulheres. Nos homens, AFM, AFV, AFMV e passos/dia associaram-se (p<0,05) negativamente com PA, independentemente do CS. Somente AFV associou-se significativamente (β= -0,113; p=0,002) com CP. Já nas mulheres, apenas CS associou-se significativamente com o PA (β= 0,003; p=0,031). Não houve associações significativas entre as intensidades de atividade física com a composição corporal nas mulheres. CONCLUSÕES Nossos achados sobre a associação desigual da atividade física com composição corporal entre os sexos aumentam a base de evidências e podem ajudar a informar futuras estratégias de intervenção no Brasil.

Anthropometry, dietary intake, physical activity and sitting time patterns in adolescents aged 15-17 years: an international comparison in eight Latin American countries.

BACKGROUND: Although there is high prevalence of obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors among Latin American adolescents, there is limited evidence on dietary intake and physical activity (PA) patterns in this population. Therefore, we characterized anthropometry, dietary intake, PA and sitting time (ST) in adolescents aged 15-17 years from eight Latin American countries. METHODS: Six hundred seventy-one adolescents (41.4% girls) from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS) were included. Nutritional status was classified by four BMI (kg/m2) categories. Waist circumference (WC) was categorized as above or below thresholds. Dietary intake was assessed through two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls. PA and ST were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). We calculated overall and country-specific estimates by sex and tested for differences between boys and girls. RESULTS: Differences in the prevalence of overweightness (15.1 and 21.6%) and obesity (8.5 and 6.5%) between boys and girls, respectively, were statistically insignificant (p = 0.059). Average energy intake was 2289.7 kcal/day (95% CI: 2231-2350) for boys and 1904.2 kcal/day (95% CI: 1840-1963) for girls (p < 0.001). In relation to macronutrient intake for boys and girls, respectively, the average intake (expressed as percentage of total energy) was 15.0 and 14.9% for protein; 55.4 and 54.9% for carbohydrates; 14.1 and 14.5% for added sugar; 29.5 and 30.1% for total fat; and 9.6 and 9.9% for saturated fat (p > 0.05 for all outcomes). There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of total energy (TE) saturated fat and added sugar (>10% of TE) between girls and boys (49.6% versus 44.8 and 81.7% versus 76.1%, respectively). Prevalence of physical inactivity was 19% in boys and 43.7% in girls (p < 0.001). Median levels of vigorous-intensity PA and total PA were significantly higher for boys than for girls (p < 0.05 for both outcomes); whereas levels of ST were similar (273.7 versus 220.0 min/day for boys and girls, respectively; p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the high prevalence of poor dietary intake and physical inactivity in adolescents from Latin American countries. Therefore, effective and sustainable strategies and programmes are needed that promote healthier diets, regular PA and reduce ST among Latin American adolescents. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials NCT02226627. Retrospectively registered on August 27, 2014.

Brazilian Study of Nutrition and Health (EBANS) - Brazilian data of ELANS: methodological opportunities and challenges

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies with dietary variables are complex methodologically, being the researcher responsible for anticipating, controlling, reducing and preventing methodological errors. Obesity accounts for almost one-third of the world's population and has consequences for childhood and adolescence. Multifactorial disorder must be faced in several aspects, being food and physical activity, modifiable risk factors. The EBANS aims to perform a diagnosis of the nutritional status of the Brazilian population from 15 to 65 years old, from all regions, and the parameters associated with obesity, with several possibilities of correlating data. METHODOLOGICAL PROCESS: Part of the ELANS study (n = 9218), the EBANS (n = 2000) has a weighted sample and data collection that allows: to evaluate the socioeconomic level of the population; perform a diagnosis of nutritional status (through anthropometric variables); to evaluate food intake (R24h and FFQ for beverages); and evaluate physical activity practice (IPAQ-long and accelerometer). METHODOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES: With national coverage, EBANS has the potential to compose regional analyzes, portray the current nutritional epidemiological condition, food consumption and physical activity pattern of the Brazilian population, at different life stages, and may have their data analyzed together or stratified, offering useful subsidies for the formulation of public policies. METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES: Each methodological step was designed to reduce errors and biases related to methodological challenges. CAAE REGISTRATION: 31670314.8.0000.5567. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Of great potential for future data analysis, EBANS tries to contribute to the generation of knowledge to foment policies and actions capable of changing the current obesity scenario.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos epidemiológicos com variáveis dietéticas são complexos metodologicamente, e o pesquisador é responsável por antecipar, controlar, reduzir e prevenir erros metodológicos. A obesidade representa quase 1/3 da população mundial e agrega consequências que são observadas na infância e na adolescência. Desordem multifatorial deve ser enfrentada sob diversos aspectos, sendo alimentação e atividade física fatores de risco modificáveis. O EBANS se propõe a realizar um diagnóstico do estado nutricional da população brasileira de 15 a 65 anos, de todas as regiões, e dos parâmetros associados à obesidade, com diversas possibilidades de correlacionar dados. PROCESSO METODOLÓGICO: Parte do estudo ELANS (n=9218), o EBANS (n=2000) tem amostra ponderada e coleta de dados que permite: avaliar o nível socioeconômico da população; realizar diagnóstico do estado nutricional (por meio de variáveis antropométricas); avaliar consumo alimentar (R24h e QFA para bebidas); e avaliar prática de atividade física (IPAQ-longo e acelerômetro). OPORTUNIDADES METODOLÓGICAS: De abrangência nacional, o EBANS tem potencial para compor análises regionais, retratar a atual condição epidemiológica nutricional, de consumo alimentar e padrão de atividade física da população brasileira, em diferentes estágios da vida, podendo ter seus dados analisados em conjunto ou estratificados, oferecendo subsídios úteis para a formulação de políticas públicas. DESAFIOS METODOLÓGICOS: Cada etapa metodológica foi desenhada a fim de reduzir os erros e vieses atrelados aos desafios metodológicos. REGISTRO CAAE: 31670314.8.0000.5567. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: De grande potencial para futuras análises de dados, o EBANS intenta contribuir na geração de conhecimento para fomentar políticas e ações capazes de alterar o atual cenário de obesidade.

Evaluation of dynapenia in the elderly in São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil / Avaliação da dinapenia em idosos de São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, Brasil / Evaluación de la dinapenia em adultos mayores de São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract Introduction: Aging is characterized by psychological, social, nutritional and biological changes, among which dynapenia stands out. Objective: To analyze the presence of dynapenia and associated factors in elderly people living in the city of São Caetano do Sul. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 295 elderly individuals aged 60 years or older, who were users of public health units in the city of São Caetano do Sul. Dynapenia was assessed by handgrip strength, and its associations were investigated using multivariate logistic regression, according to sociodemographic variables, nutritional status, protein consumption, presence of diseases, and physical activity. Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM-SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) software. The adopted level of significance was p < 0.05. Results: Most of the participants were female (n = 251), with mean age of 70.6 years (± 7.0). The presence of dynapenia was observed in 24.07% (n = 71), among which 47 were women (18.73%) and 24 were men (54.55%). Observed associations concerned older age, male sex, lower circumference of the arm and calf, and lower triceps skinfold (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Approximately one-fourth of the elderly studied presented dynapenia, which represents a higher risk of morbidity and mortality. The inclusion of PPF alongside other anthropometric measures for assessing nutritional status is recommended. It is important for public policies to be directed towards health promotion and risk prevention in this age group.

Resumo Introdução: O envelhecimento é marcado por alterações psicológicas, sociais, nutricionais e biológicas, entre as quais destaca-se a dinapenia. Objetivo: Avaliar a presença de dinapenia em idosos residentes no município de São Caetano do Sul e os fatores a ela associados. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado com 295 idosos com idade igual ou maior a 60 anos, de ambos os gêneros, usuários de unidades de saúde no município de São Caetano do Sul. A dinapenia foi avaliada pela força de preensão palmar (FPP) e foi investigada sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas, estado nutricional, consumo protéico, presença de doenças e prática de atividade física, através de regressão logística multivariada. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o software IBM - SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science), o nível de significância adotado p < 0,05. Resultados: A maioria dos idosos estudados era do sexo feminino (n = 251), idade média 70,6 anos (± 7,0). A presença de dinapenia foi observada em 24,07% (n = 71), sendo 47 mulheres (18,73%) e 24 homens (54,55%), sendo observada associação com maior idade, sexo masculino, menor circunferência do braço, circunferência de panturrilha e dobra cutânea triciptal (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Aproximadamente um quarto dos idosos estudados apresentaram dinapenia, o que representa maior risco de morbimortalidade. Entre as medidas antropométricas para avaliação do estado nutricional recomenda-se a inclusão da FPP. É importante que políticas públicas sejam direcionadas para promoção de saúde e prevenção de riscos neste grupo etário.

Resumen Introducción: El envejecimiento está marcado por alteraciones psicológicas, sociales, nutricionales y biológicas, entre las que destaca la dinapenia. Objetivo: Evaluar la presencia de dinapenia en adultos mayores (AM) residentes en el municipio de São Caetano do Sul (Brasil) y los factores asociados a esta alteración. Método: Estudio transversal, que evaluó un grupo de 295 AM, de ambos generos, usuarios de centros de salud de São Caetano do Sul. La dinapenia fué evaluada por la Fuerza de Prensión Manual (FPM) y se investigó su asociación con variables sociodemográficas, estado nutricional, consumo proteico, presencia de enfermedades y práctica de actividad física, a través de regresión lineal multiple. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el software IBM - SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science), con un nivel de significancia menor a 0,05. Resultados: La mayoría de los AM estudiados era del sexo femenino (n = 251), edad media 70,6 años (± 7,0). La presencia de dinapenia se observó en el 24,07% (n = 71), de los cuales 47 eran mujeres (18,73%) y 24 eran hombres (54,55%), siendo observada asociación con edad mayor, sexo masculino, menor perímetro del brazo, perímetro de la pantorrilla y pliegue cutáneo tricipital (p < 0,05). Conclusión: Aproximadamente un cuarto de los AM estudiados presentaron dinapenia, lo que representa un mayor riesgo de morbimortalidad. Entre las medidas antropométricas para evaluación del estado nutricional se recomienda la inclusión de la prueba de FPM. Es importante que las políticas públicas se dirijan a la promoción de la salud y la prevención de riesgos en este grupo de edad.

Evaluation of food intake in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis

Background: Mucopoly saccharidosis (MPS) are inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) recognized by deficient enzymes enrolled in glycosaminoglycans catabolism. The resulting accumulation of glycosaminoglycans leads to clinical progressive and generalized manifestations. Considering the severity of MPS and the relevance of establishing dietetic strategies to these patients, the present study was tailored to evaluate the food intake in patients with MPS types I, II, and VI. Methods: Food intake in patients with MPS I, II, and VI was assessed. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Energetic demand based on estimated necessity of energy equations and reported food intake was analyzed. Total energetic value and nutrients (vitamins B1, B2, C, calcium, iron, and phosphate) were analyzed inaccordance with the standardized interval for macronutrient distribution and the method of apparent adequacy for nutrient intake. Results: Food intake of 17 patients (6- to 30-year-olds) was considered adequate regarding macronutrients. Children and adolescents failed in presenting this parameter. Macronutrients were satisfactory in both groups. Children and adolescents displayed increased intake of iron and vitamins B1 (p< 0.05), B2, B3, and C (p< 0.077)and probability of adequacy≥50%. Calcium and phosphorus intake was greater in adults. Conclusions: The results obtained demonstrated that patients with MPS have nutrition deficiency in their diet, which may directly or indirectly influence the course of the disease.

Factors associated with protein consumption in elderly / Fatores associados ao consumo proteico de idosos

ABSTRACT Objective We evaluated factors associated with protein consumption by the elderly. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study in a sample of 295 elderly consumers of health facilities in São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil. Protein consumption data (g and g/kg) were obtained through 24-hour dietary recalls, which was reapplied in a 30% sub-sample to estimate habitual consumption, with an interval of two weeks. The association between protein consumption and sociodemographic, economic, health, and dietary variables was tested using multiple linear regression. Results There was a positive association between protein consumption (g and g/kg) and better Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised, between protein consumption (g) and male sex, and a negative association between protein consumption (g/kg) and greater calf circumference. Higher average protein consumption (g or g/kg) was observed among married elderly, individuals with higher income and schooling, who were economically active, eutrophic, without dyslipidemia and symptoms of dysphagia, who consumed three main meals and an intermediate snack. Conclusion The results showed that protein consumption was associated with diet quality, sex, and calf circumference. The identification of elderly groups prone to protein inadequacy may direct individual and collective interventions to prevent muscle mass reduction and its implications, such as sarcopenia and other adverse outcomes.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os fatores associados ao consumo proteico de idosos. Métodos Estudo transversal descritivo realizado com 295 idosos usuários de centros para terceira idade e unidades de saúde do Município de São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo. O consumo proteico (g e g/kg) foi obtido na avaliação do recordatório de 24 horas, que foi reaplicado numa subamostra de 30% para estimar o consumo habitual, com intervalo máximo de duas semanas. A associação entre proteína e variáveis sociodemográficas, econômica, de saúde e dietéticas foram testadas por meio de regressão linear múltipla. Resultados Houve associação positiva entre o consumo de proteína (g e g/kg) e melhor Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado, entre o consumo de proteína (g) com o sexo masculino, e associação negativa entre proteína (g/kg) e maior circunferência da panturrilha. Maior consumo médio de proteína (g e/ou g/kg) foi observado entre idosos casados, com maior renda e escolaridade, economicamente ativos, eutróficos, sem dislipidemia e sintomas de disfagia, que consumiram as três refeições principais e lanche intermediário. Conclusão Os resultados demonstraram que o consumo proteico foi associado à qualidade da dieta, sexo e circunferência da panturrilha. A identificação de grupos de idosos propensos à inadequação proteica pode direcionar intervenções individuais e coletivas com intuito de prevenir a redução de massa muscular e suas implicações, como sarcopenia e outros desfechos adversos.

Dietary patterns and associated factors among the elderly / Padrões dietéticos e fatores associados em idosos

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to identify dietary patterns among the elderly, and associate the same with sociodemographic characteristics, health and lifestyle. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a non-probabilistic sample of 295 elderly residents of both genders of the city of São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil, who were users of public health units. Dietary patterns were identified considering 44 food items identified through 24-hour dietary recall. Factor analysis by the principal components method was used, adopting loads greater than 0.25 as the cut-off point, followed by Varimax orthogonal rotation. The associations were analyzed by the linear regression method, with variables with p<0.20 in univariate regression selected, and those with p<0.05 maintained in the multivariate model. There was a greater percentage of elderly females (85.1%) and those aged 60-69 years (46.4%). RESULTS: Three dietary patterns were identified: the "traditional" pattern was associated with the male gender (β=0.59, p<0.001) and physically active individuals (β=0.39, p=0.020); the "Pastas, pork and sweets" pattern was associated with the male gender (β=0.38, p=0.025) and retired individuals (β=0.55, p=0.017); and the "Coffee with milk and bread and butter" pattern was associated with an age of 80 years or older (β=0.55, p=0.004) and elderly persons who had difficulty chewing (β=0.38, p=0.013). CONCLUSION: The dietary patterns identified show that the elderly tend to maintain similar eating habits to the Brazilian population in general, and that diet changes to a similar degree as health and life style conditions. AU

OBJETIVO: Identificaram-se padrões dietéticos em idosos e associaram-se com características sociodemográficas de saúde e estilo de vida. Este foi um estudo transversal descritivo com amostra não probabilística de 295 idosos residentes no município de São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, Brasil, usuários de unidades públicas de saúde, de ambos os sexos. METODOS: Os padrões dietéticos foram identificados, considerando-se 44 itens alimentares oriundos de Recordatório de 24 horas. Utilizou-se análise fatorial pelo método de componentes principais, adotando-se como ponto de corte cargas superiores a 0,25, seguida de rotação ortogonal Varimax. As associações foram realizadas pelo método de regressão linear, sendo selecionadas as variáveis que obtiveram p<0,20 na regressão univariada, e mantidas no modelo multivariado aquelas com p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Observou-se maior percentual de idosos do sexo feminino (85,1%) e na faixa etária de 60 a 69 anos (46,4%). Foram identificados três padrões dietéticos: o padrão Tradicional, associado com sexo masculino (β=0,59, p<0,001) e praticantes de atividade física (β=0,39, p=0,020); o padrão Massa, carne suína e doce, o qual se associou com o sexo masculino (β=0,38, p=0,025) e idosos aposentados (β=0,55, p=0,017); e o padrão Café com leite e pão com manteiga, que se associou a faixa etária de 80 anos ou mais (β=0,55, p=0,004) e idosos que apresentavam dificuldade de mastigação (β=0,38, p=0,013). CONCULSÃO: Os padrões dietéticos identificados demonstram que os idosos tendem a manter os hábitos alimentares similares aos da população brasileira em geral, e a dieta é alterada na medida em que as condições de saúde e de vida se modificam. AU

Factors associated with diet quality of older adults / Fatores associados à qualidade da dieta de idosos

ABSTRACT Objective Evaluate the factors associated with diet quality of older adults from the city of São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 295 older adults receiving care in health care units in São Caetano do Sul. Diet quality was assessed using the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index. The associations between the diet quality mean score and the socio-demographic, economic, and anthropometric characteristics and lifestyle and health conditions were verified using multiple linear regression. Results Lower diet quality mean score were associated with the variables: marital status (widowed or separated) (β=-2.02; p=0.047), retired (β=-4.24; p=0.034), and smoking (β=-8.06; p=0.001); whereas higher diet quality mean score were associated with higher education level (9 years or more) (β=3.49; p=0.013). Conclusion Individuals with higher education level had better diet quality, and those who were widowed or separated, retired, and smokers had worse diet quality indicating that socio-demographic, economic, and lifestyle are factors that can influence food choice of older adults.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os fatores associados à qualidade da dieta de idosos de São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo. Métodos Estudo transversal em uma amostra de 295 idosos usuários das unidades de saúde do município de São Caetano do Sul. A qualidade alimentar foi avaliada pelo Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado. As associações entre as médias do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado e variáveis sociodemográficas, econômicas, antropométricas, estilo de vida e condições de saúde foram verificadas por meio de regressão linear múltipla. Resultados Ao relacionar as variáveis com o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado, o estado civil viúvo ou separado (β=-2,02; p=0,047), estar aposentado (β=-4,24; p=0,034) e o hábito de fumar (β=-8,06; p=0,001) determinaram índices menores, enquanto que em idosos com maior escolaridade (9 anos ou mais de estudo) as médias observadas foram maiores (β=3,49; p=0,013). Conclusão A qualidade da dieta apresentou-se melhor em indivíduos com maior escolaridade e pior em viúvos ou separados, aposentados e fumantes, indicando que fatores sociodemográficos, econômicos e de estilo de vida podem influenciar nas escolhas alimentares de idosos.

Balanço de macronutrientes na dieta de idosos brasileiros: análises da Pesquisa Nacional de Alimentação 2008-2009 / Balance of macronutrient intake among Brazilian elderly: analysis of the National Dietary Survey 2008-2009

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a contribuição de proteína, lipídio e carboidrato no total de energia da dieta de idosos das diferentes regiões brasileiras. Métodos: Foram analisados dados de 4.286 idosos (60 a 104 anos) provenientes da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008/2009. Baseado no consumo obtido por dois registros alimentares, o programa Multiple Source Method estimou o consumo habitual de macronutrientes e gordura saturada. As recomendações do Institute of Medicine (IOM), segundo os Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR), foram utilizadas para avaliar a participação relativa dos macronutrientes de acordo com percentual energético (PE). Modelos de regressão linear identificaram diferenças entre PE dos macronutrientes, situação do domicílio, macrorregiões e gênero. Resultados: A proteína foi o macronutriente que apresentou maior concordância com o AMDR (99,8%). Com relação ao PE lipídico, observou-se que 9,2% da população ficaram acima da recomendação, sendo o dobro do encontrado para carboidrato (4,9%) e nove vezes o percentual de idosos, cujo PE-proteico (1,0%) foi acima do recomendado. Em 14,5% dos idosos a ingestão de carboidratos foi abaixo da AMDR, sendo que essas dietas apresentaram maior PE lipídico (β = 8,19; p < 0,001), revelando que 50% dos idosos que consumiam carboidratos abaixo do PE recomendado apresentou um consumo excessivo de lipídio. Segundo macrorregiões, o Centro-Oeste foi o único a apresentar diferença para carboidrato, sendo esta de menor percentual (51,6%; p < 0,05). A região Sul (17,9%; p < 0,01) apresentou o menor PE proteico e o maior de lipídios (28,7%; p < 0,01). Conclusões: A elevada frequência de inadequação da ingestão de lipídio pode significar uma pior qualidade da dieta, contribuindo com o aumento no risco de desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas.

ABSTRACT: Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the balance in the intake of protein, carbohydrate, and fat among the Brazilian elderly population. Methods: The data analyzed were taken from the National Dietary Survey 2008-2009, from a total of 4,286 Brazilian elders (60-104 years old). Based on the dietary intake obtained from two food records, the Multiple Source Method (MSM) was used to evaluate the macronutrients and saturated fat. The AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range), by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), was used to evaluate the macronutrient energy percentage (%E). Linear regression models identified differences between macronutrients %E and household location (urban or rural), Brazilian macro-regions and gender. Results: Protein intake showed higher agreement with the AMDR reference value (99.86%). It was observed that in 9.2% of the population, fat intake was higher than the reference value, almost twice as high as the carbohydrate-energy percentage (4.9%) and nine times higher than protein (1.0%). Among those with low carbohydrate-energy percentage, 14.5% had higher fat-energy percentage (β = 8.19; p < 0.001), which means that 50% of the elderly whose carbohydrate intake was above the recommendation presented an overconsumption of fat. According to the macro-regions, the Midwest region was the only one to show differences for carbohydrate-energy percentage, which was lower than the others regions (51.6%; p < 0.05). The South region presented the lowest protein-energy percentage (17.9%; p < 0.01) and the highest fat-energy percentage (28.7%; p < 0.01). Conclusion: Higher prevalence of inadequate fat intake among the Brazilian elderly may indicate an important public health problem that is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases.

Developing a cooperative multicenter study in Latin America: Lessons learned from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health Project / Elaboração de estudo cooperativo multicêntrico na América Latina: ensinamentos do Projeto do Estudo Latino-americano de Nutrição e Saúde / Elaboración de un estudio colaborativo multicéntrico en América Latina: enseñanzas extraídas del Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud

ABSTRACT This report examines the challenges of conducting a multicenter, cross-sectional study of countries with diverse cultures, and shares the lessons learned. The Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS) was used as a feasibility study involving the most populous cities of eight countries in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela) in 2014-2015, about 40% of the population of the Americas. The target sample included 9 000 individuals, 15-65 years of age, and was stratified by geographic location (only urban areas), gender, age, and socioeconomic status. Six principal challenges were identified: team structuring and site selections; developing a single protocol; obtaining ethic approvals; completing simultaneous fieldwork; ensuring data quality; and extracting data and maintaining consistency across databases. Lessons learned show that harmonization, pilot study, uniformity of procedures, high data quality control, and communication and collaboration across sites are imperative. Barriers included organizational complexity, recruitment of collaborators and research staff, institutional cooperation, development of infrastructure, and identification of resources. Consensus on uniform measures and outcomes and data collection methodology, as well as a plan for data management and analysis, communication, publication, and dissemination of study results should be in place prior to beginning fieldwork. While challenging, such studies offer great potential for building a scientific base for studies on nutrition, physical activity, and other health topics, while facilitating comparisons among countries.

RESUMEN En este informe se examinan los retos de llevar a cabo un estudio transversal multicéntrico en países con culturas diversas y se transmiten las enseñanzas extraídas. Se usó el Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS) como un estudio de factibilidad realizado en el período 2014-2015, que incluyó las ciudades más populosas de ocho países de América Latina (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Perú y Venezuela) y abarcó a cerca de 40% de la población de la Región de las Américas. La muestra establecida incluyó a 9 000 personas de 15 a 65 años de edad, y fue estratificada según la ubicación geográfica (solo zonas urbanas) y por sexo, edad y situación socioeconómica. Se encontraron seis retos principales: estructurar los equipos y seleccionar los sitios; preparar un protocolo único; obtener las aprobaciones éticas; terminar simultáneamente el trabajo sobre el terreno; velar por la calidad de los datos y extraer datos y mantener la uniformidad en todas las bases de datos. Las enseñanzas extraídas muestran que la armonización, los estudios piloto, la uniformidad de los procedimientos, el riguroso control de la calidad de los datos y la comunicación y colaboración entre todos los sitios son imperativos. Los obstáculos incluyeron la complejidad de la organización, el reclutamiento de colaboradores y personal de investigación, la cooperación institucional, el desarrollo de infraestructura y la definición de los recursos. Antes de comenzar el trabajo sobre el terreno, se debe llegar a un consenso acerca de mediciones y resultados uniformes y la metodología de recopilación de datos, así como un plan para la gestión y el análisis de los datos y la comunicación, publicación y difusión de los resultados del estudio. A pesar de que estos estudios constituyen un desafío, hacen posible establecer una base científica para los estudios sobre la nutrición, la actividad física y otros temas de salud, al facilitar las comparaciones entre los países de América Latina.

RESUMO Neste relato se examinam os desafios de realizar um estudo transversal multicêntrico em países com culturas diversas e os ensinamentos tirados. O Estudo Latino-americano de Nutrição e Saúde (ELANS) serviu de estudo de viabilidade, englobando as cidades mais populosas de oito países da América Latina (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, Costa Rica, Equador, Peru e Venezuela) em 2014-2015, representando cerca de 40% da população das Américas. A amostra pretendida compreendeu 9.000 indivíduos com 15 a 65 anos de idade e foi estratificada por localização geográfica (exclusivamente áreas urbanas), sexo, idade e nível socioeconômico. Os seis principais desafios identificados foram: estruturar as equipes e selecionar as sedes, elaborar um único protocolo, obter as aprovações dos comitês de ética, realizar trabalho de campo simultâneo, assegurar a qualidade dos dados e extrair os dados e manter a consistência em todas as bases de dados. Os ensinamentos tirados demonstram serem imprescindíveis harmonização, estudo-piloto, uniformidade dos procedimentos, ótimo controle da qualidade dos dados e comunicação e colaboração entre as sedes. Entre as barreiras estão a complexidade organizacional, recrutamento de colaboradores e pessoal de pesquisa, cooperação institucional, desenvolvimento de infraestrutura e identificação dos recursos. Antes do início do trabalho de campo, deve-se chegar a um consenso sobre medidas e resultados uniformes e metodologia de coleta de dados assim como um plano para o gerenciamento e análise dos dados, comunicação, publicação e disseminação dos resultados dos estudos. Apesar da sua complexidade, tais estudos têm um grande potencial de fundar uma base científica para estudos de nutrição, atividade física e outros tópicos relacionados à saúde, ao mesmo tempo que facilitam comparações entre os países da América Latina.

Using Two Different Approaches to Assess Dietary Patterns: Hypothesis-Driven and Data-Driven Analysis.

The use of dietary patterns to assess dietary intake has become increasingly common in nutritional epidemiology studies due to the complexity and multidimensionality of the diet. Currently, two main approaches have been widely used to assess dietary patterns: data-driven and hypothesis-driven analysis. Since the methods explore different angles of dietary intake, using both approaches simultaneously might yield complementary and useful information; thus, we aimed to use both approaches to gain knowledge of adolescents' dietary patterns. Food intake from a cross-sectional survey with 295 adolescents was assessed by 24 h dietary recall (24HR). In hypothesis-driven analysis, based on the American National Cancer Institute method, the usual intake of Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised components were estimated. In the data-driven approach, the usual intake of foods/food groups was estimated by the Multiple Source Method. In the results, hypothesis-driven analysis showed low scores for Whole grains, Total vegetables, Total fruit and Whole fruits), while, in data-driven analysis, fruits and whole grains were not presented in any pattern. High intakes of sodium, fats and sugars were observed in hypothesis-driven analysis with low total scores for Sodium, Saturated fat and SoFAA (calories from solid fat, alcohol and added sugar) components in agreement, while the data-driven approach showed the intake of several foods/food groups rich in these nutrients, such as butter/margarine, cookies, chocolate powder, whole milk, cheese, processed meat/cold cuts and candies. In this study, using both approaches at the same time provided consistent and complementary information with regard to assessing the overall dietary habits that will be important in order to drive public health programs, and improve their efficiency to monitor and evaluate the dietary patterns of populations.

The diet quality index evaluates the adequacy of energy provided by dietary macronutrients / Índice de qualidade da dieta e adequação de energia fornecida por macronutrientes

Objective To investigate the relationship between macronutrient intake adequacy and the national diet quality index score. Methods The study analyzed a representative sample of 1,662 individuals from the municipality of São Paulo who participated in a cross-sectional study called Health Survey-Capital (2008/2009). Two 24-hour recalls were collected. Habitual intake was determined by the Multiple Source Method. The Brazilian index was calculated as suggested, and macronutrient adequacy was given by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization recommendations. A generalized linear model verified the relationship between the Brazilian index and macronutrient adequacy. All analyses with a descriptive level below 0.05 were considered significant. The analyses were performed by the software Stata 12.0, survey mode. Results The vast majority (91%) of the population had inappropriate macronutrient intakes, and the total median Brazilian index score was 61.3 points (interquartile range=10.1). The total Brazilian index score of individuals with high lipid intake was worse than that of individuals with proper lipid intake (β=0,96; p=0,004), while those with high protein intake had a better score (β=1,10; p=0,003) than those with proper protein intake. Conclusion The revised Brazilian Healthy Eating Index assesses diet quality properly regarding high lipid intake, but it has some limitations regarding high protein intake according to the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization recommendations. New studies should investigate the possibility of adapting this index to the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization recommendations. .

Objetivo Averiguar a relação entre adequação do consumo de macronutrientes e pontuação do índice nacional de qualidade da dieta. Métodos Foram analisados 1.662 indivíduos de uma amostra representativa dos residentes do município de São Paulo, pertencentes ao estudo transversal denominado Inquérito de Saúde em São Paulo (2008/2009). Foram coletados dois recordatórios de 24 horas. A ingestão habitual foi determinada pelo Multiple Source Method. O índice foi calculado e a adequação dos macronutrientes baseou-se nas recomendações da World Health Organization e Food and Agriculture Organization. A relação entre índice e adequação dos macronutrientes foi verificada por meio do modelo linear generalizado. Para todas as análises, considerou-se significativo nível descritivo inferior a 0,05. As análises foram feitas no programa Stata 12.0, modo survey. Resultados Observou-se que 91% da população consumiram quantidades inadequadas dos macronutrientes, sendo a pontuação mediana total do índice de 61,3 pontos (interquatile range=10,1). A pontuação total do índice de indivíduos com consumo excessivo de lipídios apresentou-se pior em relação aos de ingestão adequada (β=0,96; p=0,004), enquanto a pontuação daqueles com consumo excessivo de proteínas apresentou-se melhor (β=1,10; p=0,003) aos de ingestão adequada desse macronutriente. Conclusão O Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado avalia qualidade da dieta adequadamente em relação à ingestão excessiva de lipídios e com algumas limitações em relação à de proteínas, de acordo com as recomendações da World Health Organization e Food and Agriculture Organization. Sugerem-se novos estudos que investiguem possibilidades de adaptação desse índice à s recomendações da World Health Organization e Food and Agriculture Organization. .

Healthy Eating Index is associated with certain markers of inflammation and insulin resistance but not with lipid profile in individuals at cardiometabolic risk.

Eating habits may influence inflammatory status and insulin resistance, both involved in the genesis of cardiometabolic diseases; an index of overall diet quality may be useful to identify risk for these diseases. We investigated whether the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2005), adapted to Brazilian habits (B-HEI), was associated with markers of inflammation, insulin resistance and lipid profile in individuals at cardiometabolic risk. Two hundred and four prediabetic individuals (64.7% women) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measurements, 24-h dietary recalls used to calculate the B-HEI, and blood samples were collected. ANOVA was used for comparisons of clinical variables across the B-HEI tertiles and multiple linear regressions employed to test associations between clinical variables and B-HEI total score. Significant trends to decrease mean values of body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.03) and C-reactive protein concentrations (p = 0.02) across the tertiles of B-HEI, but not other biomarkers, were observed. Waist circumference, HOMA-IR and C-reactive protein were inversely associated with the B-HEI (p < 0.05), after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and physical activity level. Also, a direct association of adiponectin concentrations with B-HEI was detected after adjustments (p = 0.001). Data from this study indicate that the B-HEI may be useful to identify the body adiposity-induced pro-inflammatory status and insulin resistance in individuals at cardiometabolic risk.

Evaluation of the reliability and validity of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate validity and reliability of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised according to the psychometric properties. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of a random sample of 2,375 individuals of both sexes, aged 12 or older from the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, drawn from the Health Survey carried out in 2003. Information on the population characteristics was acquired using a questionnaire. Food intake was obtained using 24h Recall, used to calculate the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised (BHEI-R). The following aspects were evaluated: (1) content validity, by comparing the components with the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population; (2) construct validity, factor analysis using principal components method and verifying whether the index can measure diet quality regardless of energy intake; (3) discriminating validity; and (4) the reliability of the BHEI-R by analyzing the internal consistency of the items using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: The correlations between the component scores and energy intake were weak (r < 0.30). Principal component analysis indicated the presence of four factors with eigenvalues > 1 that represented 67% of the index variance. The discriminating validity of the BHEI-R was observed by comparing the individuals by sex and smoking habit, and identifying statistically significant differences between the means of the components of the BHEI-R and the final score. The Cronbach's alpha value (α = 0.7) indicated the presence of internal consistency between the components of the BHEI-R. The SoFAAS component followed by the total fruit component and whole fruit component presented greater correlation with the final index scores. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised showed itself to be reliable and structurally valid when used to evaluate and monitor the diet quality of Brazilians.

Adequação do consumo de macronutrientes na população residente em São Paulo, Brasil / Adequacy prevalence of macronutrient intake among residents of São Paulo, Brazil

Healthy diets with adequate balance of macronutrients are associatedwith lower levels of inflammatory biomarkers; they help control the insulinlevels, prevent the risk of dyslipidemia, and reduce the risk of chronicdiseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relative intake ofmacronutrients regarding the percentage of total energy intake amongresidents of São Paulo. It was a cross-sectional study comprising participants from the Health Survey of São Paulo 2008/2009 (ISA Capital).We assessed data from 1660 individuals, both sexes, between 12 and 97years old. Dietary intake, measured by a 24-hour dietary recall (24HR),was converted into energy and nutrient values. We used the intakesrecommended by the Institute of Medicine (2002) to evaluate the relativeparticipation of macronutrients according to energetic intake. Thepercentage of calories from carbohydrates was significantly higher infemales (?=1.99, IC95% [0.82; 3.16]). Fat consumption was higher thanthe recommended daily intake in over 50% of the adults and elderly assessed. Proteins were the macronutrients that showed higher agreement with the recommended values (above 84%) and they were lower in males (?=?0.63, IC95%[?1.23; ?0.03]). We observed that 83% of the individuals who consumed carbohydrates below the recommended intake presented fat intake higher than the reference value. Thus, low-carbohydrate diets were high in caloric intake from fat (?=?8.34, IC95% [?9.29; ?7.39]). This finding introduces an important public health problem because it could be associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases.

Las dietas saludables, con proporciones adecuadas de macronutrientes, están relacionadas con la reducción de los niveles de marcadoresinflamatorios ayudando en el control de los niveles de insulina, en la prevención de ocurrencia de dislipidemias y, consecuentemente, de lasenfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el consumo relativo de estos nutrientes en relación al consumo energético de la población de la ciudad de São Paulo. Se trata de un estudio transversal, con respuestas a la Encuesta de Salud de Base Poblacional 2008/2009 ? ISA Capital. Se estudiaron los datos de 1660 individuos, de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 97 años. Los datos de la ingestión alimentar, obtenidos por el Recordatorio de 24 horas, se transformaron en energía y nutrientes. Para evaluar laparticipación relativa de los macronutrientes en el consumo energético, se utilizaron las recomendaciones del Institute of Medicine (2002). El porcentaje de calorías proveniente de carbohidratos fue significativamente mayor en mujeres (?=1,99, IC95% [0,82; 3,16]). En más del 50% de la población adulta y de la tercera edad se encontró un consumo de grasas por encima de lo recomendado. Las proteínas fueron los macronutrientes que presentaron una cantidad conforme a la recomendada, por encima del 84%, siendo significativamente menor en los hombres (?=?0,63, IC95% [?1,23, ?0,03]). Se evidenció que el 83% de los individuos que consumieroncarbohidratos por debajo de las cantidades recomendadas, mostraron un consumo de grasas por encima de lo recomendado. Por lo tanto, la baja ingesta de carbohidratos provocó una compensación de ingesta calórica consistente en el aumento del consumo de lípidos (?=?8,34, IC95% [?9,29, ?7,39]). Este hallazgo muestra un importante problema para la salud pública, pudiendo estar asociado con el aumento del riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.

Dietas saudáveis, com proporções adequadas de macronutrientes, estão associadas à redução dos níveis de marcadores inflamatórios, auxiliandono controle dos níveis de insulina, na prevenção de ocorrência de dislipidemias e, consequentemente, de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o consumo relativodesses nutrientes quanto à ingestão energética na população paulistana. Trata-se de estudo transversal, com participantes do Inquérito de Saúde de Base Populacional 2008/2009 - ISA Capital. Foram estudados dados de 1.660 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 12 e 97 anos. Os dados do consumo alimentar, aferidos através do Recordatório de 24 horas, foram transformados em energia e nutrientes. Para avaliar a participação relativa dos macronutrientes no consumo energético, utilizaram se as recomendações do Institute of Medicine (2002). O percentual calórico de carboidrato foi significantemente maior para o sexo feminino (?=1,99, IC95% [0,82; 3,16]). O consumo lipídico mostrou-se acima do recomendado em mais de 50% dos adultos e idosos As proteínas foramos macronutrientes que apresentaram maior conformidade à recomendação, acima de 84%, sendo significantemente menor nos homens (?=? 0,63, IC95%[?1,23; ?0,03]). Observou-se que 83% dos indivíduos que consumiram carboidratos abaixo dos valores preconizados revelaram uma ingestão lipídica acima do recomendado. Assim, a baixa ingestão de carboidratos levou a uma compensação da ingestão calórica em função do aumento do consumo de lipídios (?=?8,34, IC95% [?9,29; ?7,39]). Este achado mostrou-se um importante problema para a saúde pública, podendo estar associado ao aumento no risco de desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.

Avaliacao da confiabilidade e validade do Indice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado / Confiabilidad y validez del Indice de Calidad de la Dieta Revisado / Evaluation of the reliability and validity of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised

OBJETIVO Avaliar a confiabilidade e a validade do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado de acordo com as propriedades psicométricas. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal em amostra probabilística do município de São Paulo, SP, com 2.375 indivíduos com idade maior ou igual a 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, incluídos no Inquérito de Saúde, realizado em 2003. As informações sobre características da população foram obtidas por meio de questionário. Dados do consumo alimentar foram obtidos pela aplicação do Recordatório de 24 horas, utilizado para calcular o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado (IQD-R). Foram avaliados (1) validade de conteúdo, comparando os componentes com as recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira; (2) validade de constructo, por meio da análise fatorial pelo método dos componentes principais e verificando se o índice consegue mensurar a qualidade da dieta independente da energia ingerida; (3) validade discriminante; e (4) a confiabilidade do IQD-R pela análise da consistência interna dos itens utilizando o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS As correlações entre os escores dos componentes e a energia consumida foram fracas (r #< 0,30). A análise de componentes principais indicou a presença de quatro fatores com autovalores #> 1 que representaram 67% da variância do índice. A validade discriminante do IQD-R foi observada comparando os indivíduos por sexo e hábito de fumar, identificando diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as médias dos componentes do IQD-R e o escore final. O valor do alfa de Cronbach (α = 0,7) indicou a presença de consistência interna entre os componentes do IQD-R. O componente Gord_AA, seguido dos componentes frutas totais e frutas integrais, apresentaram ...

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Evaluar la confiabilidad y la validez del Índice de la Calidad de la Dieta Revisado. MÉTODOS Estudio transversal en muestra probabilística del municipio de Sao Paulo, SP, con 2.375 individuos con edad mayor o igual a 12 años, de ambos sexos, incluidos en la Pesquisa de Salud, realizado en 2003. Las informaciones sobre características de la población fueron obtenidas por medio de cuestionario. Datos del consumo alimenticio fueron obtenidos por la aplicación del Recordatorio de 24 horas, utilizado para calcular el Índice de Calidad de la dieta Revisado (IQD-R). Se evaluaron validez del contenido, comparando los componentes con las recomendaciones de la Guía Alimenticia para la Población Brasileña; validez del constructo, por medio del análisis de componentes principales y de la capacidad discriminante; verificar si el índice logra medir la calidad de la dieta independientemente de la energía ingerida; y verificar la confiabilidad del IQD-R por el análisis de la consistencia interna de los ítems utilizando el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS Las correlaciones entre los escores de los componentes y la energía consumida fueron débiles (r#<0,30). La capacidad discriminante del IQD-R fue observada comparando los individuos por sexo y hábito de fumar, identificando diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los promedios de los componentes del IQD-R y el escore final. El análisis de componentes principales indicó la presencia de cuatro factores con autovalores #> 1 que representaron 67% de la varianza del índice. El valor del alfa de Cronbach (α = 0,7) indicó la presencia de consistencia interna entre los componentes del IQD-R. El componente Gord_AA, seguido de las frutas totales e integrales, presentaron mayor correlación con la puntuación final del índice. ...

OBJECTIVE : Evaluate validity and reliability of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised according to the psychometric properties. METHODS : Cross-sectional study of a random sample of 2,375 individuals of both sexes, aged 12 or older from the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, drawn from the Health Survey carried out in 2003. Information on the population characteristics was acquired using a questionnaire. Food intake was obtained using 24h Recall, used to calculate the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised (BHEI-R). The following aspects were evaluated: (1) content validity, by comparing the components with the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population; (2) construct validity, factor analysis using principal components method and verifying whether the index can measure diet quality regardless of energy intake; (3) discriminating validity; and (4) the reliability of the BHEI-R by analyzing the internal consistency of the items using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. RESULTS : The correlations between the component scores and energy intake were weak (r < 0.30). Principal component analysis indicated the presence of four factors with eigenvalues > 1 that represented 67% of the index variance. The discriminating validity of the BHEI-R was observed by comparing the individuals by sex and smoking habit, and identifying statistically significant differences between the means of the components of the BHEI-R and the final score. The Cronbach’s alpha value (α = 0.7) indicated the presence of internal consistency between the components of the BHEI-R. The SoFAAS component followed by the total fruit component and whole fruit component presented greater correlation with the final index scores. CONCLUSIONS : The Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised showed itself to be reliable and structurally valid when used to evaluate and monitor the diet quality of Brazilians. .

Padrões da dieta de adolescentes do município de São Paulo e fatores associados: estudo de base populacional / Dietary patterns among adolescents living in the municipally of São Paulo and associated factors population based study

Introdução: Padrões alimentares estabelecidos na adolescência têm sido associados a fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas, tais como diabetes, doenças cardiovasculares e câncer. Objetivo: Avaliar os padrões da dieta de adolescentes e seus fatores associados. Metodologia: Utilizaram-se dados de adolescentes provenientes do estudo de base populacional do município de São Paulo. Foram utilizadas duas abordagens distintas na identificação dos padrões da dieta: o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado (IQD-R) e a análise fatorial. Para estimar a ingestão usual, foram coletados de um a cinco Recordatório de 24 horas (R24h), sendo o primeiro obtido no domicílio, juntamente com o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA), e os demais por telefone. Na primeira abordagem, o método proposto pelo National Cancer Institute estimou a distribuição da pontuação dos componentes do IQD-R, com base na ingestão usual e nas características da população. Na identificação dos padrões da dieta pela análise fatorial, primeiramente estimou-se o consumo usual pelo Multiple Source Method. Neste, além dos R24h, foram utilizadas informações complementares dos QFA, melhorando o modelo de probabilidade e consumo. Posteriormente à análise fatorial, modelos de regressão multivariada identificaram os fatores associados aos padrões da dieta. Resultados: A pontuação média do IQD-R (47,1), ajustada por sexo e escolaridade do chefe da família, foi semelhante entre homens (46,3) e mulheres (48,0). Observou-se um baixo consumo de Cereais integrais (0,3), Vegetais totais (1,0), Frutas totais (1,3) e inteiras (0,4); e um elevado consumo de Sódio (2,2), Gordura saturada (5,8) e GordAA (4,5), que representa as calorias provenientes de gordura sólida, álcool e açúcar de adição. Na análise fatorial, os dois padrões dietéticos retidos explicaram 17,1 por cento da variância total da ingestão. O padrão Tradicional, caracterizado pelo consumo de feijões, arroz, café/chá, açúcar, manteiga/margarina, carne bovina e bolacha doce, se associou negativamente ao sexo masculino, maior renda familiar e maior escolaridade do chefe da família. O padrão Dual, caracterizado pelo consumo de achocolatado, vegetais, leite integral, temperos (salada), queijo, carne processada/frios, pães/torradas, bala, suco e carne branca, se associou positivamente ao estado matrimonial (com companheiro) e maior escolaridade do chefe da família e à maior renda.